Some Biological Term
Gene:
Gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene
product either RNA or Protein.
Genome:
A genome
is an organism’s complete set of DNAs, including all of its genes. Each genome contains
all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism. In humans a
copy of the entire genome more than 3 billion DNA base pairs is contained in
all cells that have a nucleus.
DNA:
Deoxyribonucleic
acid, or DNA, is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to
develop, live and reproduce. These instructions are found inside every cell,
and are passed down from parents to their children. DNA is made up of
molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a
sugar group and a nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine
(A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is
what determines DNA's instructions, or genetic code.
RNA:
Ribonucleic acid, complex compound of high molecular weight that functions in cellular protein synthesis and replaces DNA as
a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses. RNA consists of ribose nucleotides (nitrogenous bases appended to a
ribose sugar) attached by phosphodiester bonds, forming strands of varying
lengths. The nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, which replaces thymine in DNA.
mRNA:
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA that reflects the
exact nucleoside sequence of the genetically active DNA. mRNA carries the
"message" of the DNA to the cytoplasm of cells where protein is made
in amino acid sequences specified by the mRNA.
Protein:
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or
more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast
array of functions within organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells, and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another.
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